Abdomen and Pelvis, NEET PG & INI-CET Anatomy MCQs

Explanation

The deep ring is a defect in the transversalis fascia, lying about midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis, just lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. The superficial ring by contrast is a triangular gap in the external oblique aponeurosis above the pubic tubercle. The internal spermatic fascia the cord picks up at the deep ring is derived from transversalis fascia.

Explanation

The inferior epigastric vessels are the landmark that separates the two inguinal hernias: indirect sacs come through the deep ring lateral to them, direct sacs push through the weak posterior wall medial to them. Direct hernias are acquired and rarely enter the scrotum, whereas indirect ones follow the cord and often do. A femoral hernia lies below the inguinal ligament and lateral to the pubic tubercle.

Explanation

At the lower oesophagus the left gastric vein of the portal system anastomoses with oesophageal veins draining into the azygos system, which is systemic. When portal pressure rises, flow reverses through this channel and the submucosal veins distend into varices. The other classic sites are the anorectal junction, the periumbilical region giving caput medusae, and the retroperitoneum.

Explanation

The coeliac trunk supplies foregut structures from the lower oesophagus to the second part of the duodenum, as far as the entry of the bile duct. Beyond that point the midgut takes over with the superior mesenteric artery. The transition at the ampulla is also where the arterial, venous, lymphatic and autonomic supply all change, which makes it a favourite examination landmark.

Explanation

The superior mesenteric artery is the midgut vessel, supplying from just beyond the bile duct entry in the duodenum to about two thirds of the way along the transverse colon. The hindgut from that point to the upper rectum belongs to the inferior mesenteric artery. The junction near the splenic flexure is a watershed zone and a common site for ischaemic colitis.

Explanation

From front to back the hilum contains the renal vein, then the renal artery, then the renal pelvis continuing as the ureter. The vein lies most anterior because it drains forward into the inferior vena cava, which sits ahead of the aorta. The left renal vein is the longer of the two and crosses in front of the aorta beneath the superior mesenteric artery.